by Dr. Robert H. Freymeyer, Department of Sociology, Presbyterian College

1. All ideas that are not original must be footnoted.

2. If you find an idea in several sources, each source that you use must be footnoted.

3. Paraphrasing means taking others' ideas and putting them into your own words. Changing a few words in a sentence is not paraphrasing.

4. A few direct quotations are acceptable in a paper as long as they are properly credited.

5. Direct quotations must be placed in quotation marks, and they must be followed immediately by a citation giving your source of the material including the page number on which the quotation is found.

6. If you are quoting material that has been quoted from another source, you must give both the original citation and the citation for where you found the material (see #12).

7. As you write your paper, every time you use material from a source youo must make your readers aware of the source. Sociologists use citation format instead of traditional numbered footnotes or endnotes to make readers aware of sources.

8. Citations are needed at the end of every section of material obtained from a source and at the end of every direct quotation. Citations are not needed after every sentence.

9. A variety of citation formats are used. You will use the format currently used by the American Sociological Review. Details on the format are available in volumes of the American Sociological Review or in the American Sociological Association Style Guide, third edition, 2007.

10. In general, citations will include the author's last name (the author of the particular material cited), followed by the year of publication, a colon, and the page number (or numbers). For example, at the end of a direct quotation you would have the following: " (Jones 1991:22). If you are paraphrasing, you would not have the quotations marks. Note that the sentence punctuation goes after the citation.

11. For two authors, each author's last name is included, for example, (Smith and Jones 1991:454). For three authors, each author's last name should be included only the first time the source is cited. Each additional time the source is cited, you should use the first listed author followed by et al. For example, (Jones, Smith, and Freymeyer 2005:99) followed by (Jones et al. 2005:99). For more than three authors, use the first author's last name and et al. for all citations (including the first).

12. For a work cited in another worked, the following format should be used (Durkheim 1903, cited in Jones 2001:454). Note: your source was Jones, who quoted Durkheim.

13. You will freqnently have several citations to the same source.

14. At the end of your paper, you need a list of all references cited.

15. The reference format will be the same used by the American Sociological Review.

16. The following reference list exemplified web sources, a journal article, and a book. References should be listed in alphabetic order by the first author's last name. With more than one author, the listing of authors for a reference should follow the order in which they are listed on the publication.

Johnson, Walter. 1991. "Writing Sociology Papers." Journal of Sociology Writing     

      33:1-44. (Used for print journals)

Jones, Walter, Thomas L. Smith, and Robert H. Freymeyer. 2001. Writing Sociology

     Papers. Washington, DC: Sociology Press. (Used for books)

Smith, Paul D. and Sally J. Jones. 2006. "Learning to Cite Web-based Sources." Journal of Sociological Research

     33:423-444. Retrieved from JSTPR on September 8, 2008). (Used if journal available in print and viewed

     in online aggregate database)

Wheezap, Feeyamal. 1999. "Crerating New Names." American Journal of the Absurd 50:42-71. Retrieved

     October 15, 2006 (http://www.ajonet.org/articles.htm). (Used if journal only available online)