by Dr. Robert H. Freymeyer, Department of Sociology, Presbyterian College

What should be cited?

• All ideas which are not original to the writer and all sources for those ideas
  
• Paraphrases (Paraphrasing means taking another's ideas and putting them into your own words, not just changing a few words.)
  
• Every section of material obtained from a source and every direct quotation (Citations are not needed after every sentence.)
  
  Can I quote material directly from a source?
  
• A few direct quotations are acceptable in a paper as long as they are properly cited. (If you are quoting material that has been quoted from another source, you must give both the original citation and the citation for where you found the material.)
  
• Place direct quotations in quotation marks and follow them immediately by a citation giving the source of the material, including the page number on which the quotation is found.
  
• Note that the sentence punctuation goes after the citation.
  
  What citation format should I use?
  
• Although sociologists use a variety of citation formats, use the format currently required by the American Sociological Review. Details on the format are available in volumes of the American Sociological Review or in the American Sociological Association Style Guide, 1996 (available in the Writing Center).
  
  What do citations generally include?
  
• The author's last name (the author of the particular material cited), followed by the year of publication, a colon, and the page number (or numbers). For example, at the end of a direct quotation you would have the following: " (Jones 1991:22). If you are paraphrasing, you would not have the quotations marks. Note that the sentence punctuation goes after the citation.
  
• For two authors, include each author's last name, for example, (Jones and Smith 1991:454).
  
• For three authors, include each author's last name only the first time the source is cited. Use the first listed author followed by et al. for each additional time you cite the source. For example, (Jones, Smith, and Freymeyer 1991:78) followed by (Jones et al. 1991:99).

     How should I cite a work that is cited
      within another work?

• Use the following format: If your source is Jones who quotes Durkheim, your citation would be (Durkheim 1903, cited in Jones 1991:454).
  
  Do I need a list of references
  at the end of the paper?
  
• Yes. Use the reference format required by the American Sociological Review.
  List references in alphabetical order by the first author's last name. With more than one author, the listing of authors for a reference should follow the order in which they are listed on the publication.

The following reference list exemplifies a journal article, a book, and articles from collections.

Johnson, Walter. 1991. "Writing Sociology Papers." Journal of Sociology Writing     

      33:1-44.

Jones, Walter, Thomas L. Smith, and Robert H. Freymeyer. 1991. Writing Sociology

     Papers. Washington, DC: Sociology Press.

Smith, Mark N. 1991. "Good Student Papers." Pp. 156-178 in Using Sociology,

     edited by I. Writer. Clinton, SC: Jacobs.

Stokes, Randall. 1997. "Sociological Theory and Perspectives." Pp. 1-8 in

     Sociological Investigations, edited by J. Dan Cover. Madison, Wisconsin: Brown

     and Benchmark.

The Writing Center in Neville Hall 206 (phone 833- 7083) has the ASA Style Guide with many sample references.